1,3,7-Trimethyluric acid is a purine alkaloid that occurs as a minor metabolite of caffeine in humans.?As an antioxidant, it has shown an ability to scavenge hydroxyl radicals as well as protective potential against lipid peroxidation in erythrocyte membranes.

Adenosine N1-oxide, which is found in royal jelly, inhibited the secretion of inflammatory mediators by activated macrophages and reduced lethality in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxin shock.

3-Guanidinopropionic acid is a creatine analog that alters skeletal muscle energy expenditure.?It reduces cellular ATP creatine and phosphocreatine levels and stimulates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activating PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α).