Preq1-Dihydrochloride is an intermediate of the queuosine pathway, it binds with high affinity to the aptamer of PreQ1 riboswitch, which attenuates protein expression.

VIR-165 is a modified form of virus inhibitory peptide (VIRIP), which corresponds to residues 353 to 372 of C-proximal region of human alpha1-antitrypsin, the most abundant circulating serine protease inhibitor. VIRIP inhibits a wide variety of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains.

TLR4 agonist. Promotes NF-κB nuclear translocation and induces inflammatory cytokine secretion in RAW264.7 macrophages in vitro.