5'-Deoxy-5-fluorocytidine is an intermediate metabolite of the DNA synthesis inhibitor capecitabine.

Trometamol hydrochloride (Tromethamine hydrochloride) is a biologically inert amino alcohol of low toxicity, which buffers carbon dioxide and acids in vitro and in vivo.

Lactic acid is an organic acid. It is a chiral molecule consisting of two optical isomers L-lactic acid and D-lactic acid with the L-isomer being the most common in living organisms. Lactic acid also is a microbial metabolite.