L-Glucose is an enantiomer of D-glucose. L-Glucose is not bioavailable to cells as an energy source because it cannot be phosphorylated by hexokinase.

2-Phosphoglyceric acid (2PGA) is a glyceric acid which serves as the substrate in the ninth step of glycolysis. It is catalyzed by enolase into phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) the penultimate step in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate.

Stachyose is a natual productit highly promotes proliferation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) by inducing LAB to produce more α-galactosidase to hydrolyze stachyose.